The Caddoan Language Group
   

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The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma.

Caddoan
Caddoan languages area

 

Family Division

Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family:

I. Northern Caddoan

A. Pawnee-Kitsai
---a. Kitsai

1. Kitsai (also known as Kichai): The Kitsai (also Kichai) language is an extinct Caddoan language. It was spoken in Oklahoma and became extinct in the 1930s. It is documented in the still mostly-unpublished fieldnotes of anthropologist Alexander Lesser. It is thought to be most closely related to Wichita.
---b. Pawnee

2. Arikara (also known as Ree)

3. Pawnee (dialects: South Bend, Skiri (also known as Skidi or Wolf))
---B. Wichita

4. Wichita (dialects: Wichita proper, Waco, Towakoni)


II. Southern Caddoan

5. Caddo (dialects: Kadohadacho, Hasinai, Natchitoches, Yatasi)


The Kitsai language is now extinct, its members having been absorbed into the Witchita tribe in the 19th century. Caddo, Wichita, and Pawnee are presently spoken in Oklahoma by small handfuls of elders. Arikara is spoken on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota.

Some of the languages were formerly more widespread; the Caddo, for example, used to live in northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana as well as southeastern Oklahoma.

The Pawnee formerly lived along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska.

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Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Chafe, Wallace L. (1973). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10, pp. 1164-1209). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Chafe 1976).
Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Native languages in the Americas (pp. 527-572). New York: Plenum. (Originally published as Chafe 1973).
Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). The Caddoan, Iroquioan, and Siouan languages. Trends in linguistics; State-of-the-art report (No. 3). The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 90-279-3443-6.
Chafe, Wallace L. (1979). Caddoan. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of Native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 213-235). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-74624-5.
Chafe, Wallace L. (1993). Indian languages: Siouan-Caddoan. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (Vol. 3). New York: C. Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19611-5.
Lesser, Alexander; & Weltfish, Gene. (1932). Composition of the Caddoan linguistic stock. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 87 (6), 1-15.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Taylor, Allan. (1963). Comparative Caddoan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 29, 113-131.
 
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