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Shoshonean is a subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan languages. The Shoshone are the core tribe proper. Some linguists place the Shoshonean Stock into a greater group called Uto-Aztecan. The tribes lived from around the area of the Great Basin southwards into Northern Mexico and westwards into Southwestern California to the Pacific Ocean. The Indians of 1700 occupying what is now present day Western Oklahoma were principally of the Shoshonean and Athapascan language families. Representing the Shoshonean language family were the Comanches and the Utes. For many years, the Comanches more or less controlled the area that is now Western Oklahoma and North Central Texas. The Athapascan language group was represented by a branch of the Apache tribe, known principally by historians as the Apaches of the Plains. The Apaches of the Plains were not as warlike as were their southwestern brothers who peopled the areas we now know as New Mexico and Arizona. The Northern Shoshone fought conflicts with settlers in Idaho in the 1860s which included the Bear River Massacre and again in 1878 in the Bannock War. They fought with the U.S. Army in the 1876 Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne. In 1982 the Western Shoshone, who also invited "unrepresented tribes", made a declaration of sovereignty and began issuing its own passports as the Western Shoshone National Council. The estimated population of Northern and Western Shoshone was 4,500 in 1845. 3,650 Northern Shoshone and 1,201 Western Shoshone were counted in 1937 by the United States Office of Indian Affairs.
Tribes included:
Other principal tribes are the Hopi, Banak, Piute, Serrano, Mono, Pahvant, Kawai or Cahuilla, Paviotso, Panamint, and Chemehuevi.
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| Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. Chafe, Wallace L. (1973). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10, pp. 1164-1209). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Chafe 1976). Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Native languages in the Americas (pp. 527-572). New York: Plenum. (Originally published as Chafe 1973). Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). The Caddoan, Iroquioan, and Siouan languages. Trends in linguistics; State-of-the-art report (No. 3). The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 90-279-3443-6. Chafe, Wallace L. (1979). Caddoan. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of Native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 213-235). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-74624-5. Chafe, Wallace L. (1993). Indian languages: Siouan-Caddoan. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (Vol. 3). New York: C. Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19611-5. Lesser, Alexander; & Weltfish, Gene. (1932). Composition of the Caddoan linguistic stock. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 87 (6), 1-15. Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X. Taylor, Allan. (1963). Comparative Caddoan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 29, 113-131. |
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